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Han Duck-soo (; born 18June 1949) is a South Korean diplomat, economist, and politician who served as the acting president of South Korea in December 2024 and from March to May 2025 and as the prime minister of South Korea from 2007 to 2008 and from 2022 to 2025.
Born in Jeonju, Han is the fifth person to hold the prime minister's office twice, having served under Presidents Roh Moo-hyun and Yoon Suk Yeol. He also held office as the minister of economy and finance from 2005 to 2006, the ambassador to the United States from 2009 to 2012, and the chairman of the Korea International Trade Association from 2012 to 2015.
After the impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol on 14 December 2024, Han became the acting president of South Korea. Thirteen days later, Han himself was also impeached by the National Assembly of South Korea due to his refusal to promulgate two special counsel bills that sought to investigate the impeached president Yoon Suk Yeol and his wife Kim Keon-hee, along with failing to appoint three National Assembly-designated candidates for the Constitutional Court of Korea. This ended his role as acting president and suspended his powers as prime minister, with both duties being transferred to Choi Sang-mok.
However, Han was reinstated as both acting president and prime minister on 24 March 2025, following a 7–1 vote from the court. After Yoon's removal from office in April 2025, Han was initially expected to serve as acting president until the 2025 presidential election, but he resigned on 1 May to launch an independent bid for president. After Kim Moon-soo's People Power Party nomination was rescinded from him on 10 May, Han was made the new nominee of the party. However, after the reinstatement of Kim as the nominee on the same day, Han withdrew his candidacy.
Han became Minister of Finance in March 2005. Later, he briefly served as Acting Prime Minister from 14 March 2006 to 19 April 2006. He resigned as Finance Minister in July 2006 and became a special presidential advisor for free trade agreement affairs.
In February 2024, after a government plan to boost admissions into medical schools was introduced, thousands of doctors resigned in protest, claiming it would hurt the quality of service. The protest caused considerable delays to surgical procedures and medical treatment. Han ordered emergency measures to combat the crisis, such as the use of telemedicine, more public hospital operations, and the opening of military clinics. On 22 February, Han announced that South Korea's health alert would be raised to 'severe' during a disaster management meeting. A couple days later, Han announced that South Korea would send military and community doctors to combat the ongoing emergency.
On 10 April 2024, Han offered his resignation following his party's defeat in the 2024 South Korean legislative elections.
In August 2024, Han advised President Yoon Suk Yeol to down four bills sponsored by the opposition, claiming they breached the president's nomination rights enshrined in the Constitution. In the same month, amid the prolonged medical crisis, Han announced that hospitals could extend the application period for trainee doctor programs. The statement occurred after only 104 candidates (1.4 percent of trainee doctor positions available in 126 hospitals) had applied for the programs. Han also reported that comprehensive plans for four health care reform tasks and a five year investment plan to boost medical sectors would be announced later in the month.
Han was reported to have been sidelined by President Yoon on the latter's declaration of martial law in December 2024, for which Han apologized and said that he had "consistently" opposed. Han was later named as a suspect by police in their investigation into martial law and underwent questioning. After Yoon's attempted impeachment, Han and People Power Party leader Han Dong-hoon proposed a plan where they would jointly fill in for the role of the presidency. However, the plan was widely criticized and ruled as unconstitutional.
As acting president, Han vetoed six bills passed by the National Assembly that had been sponsored by the Democratic Party on 19 December. Among the bills vetoed were proposed amendments to the Grain Management Act, which would have required the government to purchase surplus rice to stabilize prices during market fluctuations. Han cited concerns over its effect on the market as a reason for vetoing the bill. Other measures he vetoed included a bill requiring companies to submit requested data to members of the National Assembly, saying that it was an invasion of constitutional rights to privacy.
On 14 February 2025, the Constitutional Court ordered Han to testify as a witness in Yoon's impeachment at a hearing scheduled on 20 February. On that day, Han testified that members of Yoon's cabinet were concerned about his plans to declare martial law and tried to dissuade him from doing so, while denying claims from defense minister Kim Yong-hyun that some members were in support of the plan. He also said that the martial law declaration did not follow constitutional and legal procedures and questioned whether Yoon's cabinet meeting on 3 December 2024, in which Yoon revealed his plans to declare martial law, was a proper one.
On 24 March 2025, the Constitutional Court voted to overturn Han's impeachment, allowing his reinstatement as acting president. Five justices voted to dismiss the impeachment, two voted to reject it and only one justice voted to uphold it. The court acknowledged that Han committed constitutional and legal violations in deferring the appointment of additional justices to the court, but said it did not justify his removal from office. It also ruled that the quorum to impeach Han was the minimum 151 out of 300 lawmakers needed for a prime minister, rather than the 200 needed to impeach a president.
On 1 April, Han vetoed an amendment to the Commercial Act that would have expanded the fiduciary duty of corporate directors from solely the "company" to both the "company and its shareholders", citing possible repercussions on the business environment and the competitiveness of both large and small enterprises.
After the Constitutional Court unanimously ruled to uphold Yoon Suk Yeol's impeachment and remove him from office on 4 April, Han was planned to pursue as acting president until the 2025 South Korean presidential election, which Han set on 3 June.
On 8 April, Han held his first phone call with US president Donald Trump. Han said that he would not join China and Japan in retaliating jointly against tariffs imposed by Trump. That same day, Han appointed Ma Eun-hyuk to fill the ninth and remaining vacancy in the Constitutional Court, and announced two nominations to replace justices retiring on 18 April. The nominations were criticized by the Democratic Party and other opposition parties, with the Democratic Party noting that one of the nominees, minister of government legislation Lee Wan-kyu, had been reported to the Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (CIO) on charges of insurrection related to Yoon's martial law declaration. On 16 April, the Constitutional Court accepted an injunction suspending the nominations, saying that it could not definitively rule on whether Han as prime minister and concurrent acting president has the authority to nominate and appoint Constitutional Court judges.
On 29 April, Han vetoed a bill that would have limited his powers to nominate or appoint justices to the Constitutional Court, citing conflict with constitutional provisions regarding the powers of acting presidents.
Han's first campaign event was to attend the May 18th National Cemetery commemorating the victims of the Gwangju Uprising on 2 May. However, he was blocked by protesters from entering and was struck in the head by a protest placard.
Han also engaged in negotiations with People Power Party (PPP) candidate Kim Moon-soo on fielding a common conservative candidate for the presidential election. However, Han has said he would not register his candidacy until a final agreement is reached with Kim on a unified candidate, while Kim has claimed that the PPP and its chair, Kwon Young-se, has moved unilaterally to unify candidacies without consulting him. A meeting between Han and Kim ended without an agreement on 7 May.
The PPP said on 10 May that they would outright cancel Kim's nomination, and instead nominate Han at an emergency convention the same day. However, members of the PPP rejected a resolution designating Han as the party's candidate following an all-party vote, resulting in Kim's nomination being reinstated. Han issued an apology over the dispute within the PPP. On 11 May, Han officially ended his campaign. and pledged to support Kim's candidacy. He rejected an offer by Kim to serve as his campaign chair.
However, constitutional scholars criticized this as unconstitutional, stating that the acting president's nomination of Constitutional Court justices was an "unauthorized and unconstitutional acts" beyond his powers. Moreover, nominee Lee Wan-kyu was reportedly present at a secret meeting held shortly after the December 3 Rebellion,The "Secret Meeting" refers to a covert gathering of high-ranking officials on the night of 4 December 2024, at a presidential safehouse in Samcheong-dong, Seoul. Attendees reportedly included Justice Minister Park Sung-jae, Interior Minister Lee Sang-min, Government Legislation Minister Lee Wan-kyu, and Chief Presidential Secretary for Civil Affairs Kim Joo-hyun. raising serious suspicions of direct complicity in the rebellion.
Former prime minister Hwang Kyo-ahn, who served as acting president during the impeachment and removal of Park Geun-hye, did not appoint any Constitutional Court justices after her removal, instead leaving the appointment to the incoming president.
On 15 April, a resolution calling for the withdrawal of the nominations of Lee Wan-kyu and Ham Sang-hoon was passed by the National Assembly, led by the Democratic Party, with unanimous approval from all 168 members present. The People Power Party protested and walked out of the session. The National Assembly Steering Committee held a meeting that morning and passed the resolution calling for the withdrawal of the nominations, again led by the Democratic Party. The People Power Party members did not attend. On the same day, the Constitutional Court reportedly convened at 10 a.m. to deliberate on whether the nominations by the acting president were unconstitutional.
Eventually, on 16 April 2025, the Constitutional Court unanimously approved an injunction (2025헌사399) suspending the effect of the acting president's nominations of Constitutional Court justices. Han's nominations were subsequently withdrawn in June by the newly-inaugurated president, Lee Jae-myung.
Premierships (2007–08, 2022–25)
First premiership (2007–2008)
On 9 March 2007, Han was nominated as prime minister by President Roh Moo-hyun following the resignation of Han Myeong-sook. His nomination was approved by the National Assembly on 2 April 2007. He left office on 29 February 2008 after Lee Myung-bak was inaugurated as president, being succeeded in the office by Han Seung-soo.
First post–premiership (2009–2022)
As Han was viewed as a political centrist, President Lee Myung-bak appointed him as South Korean ambassador to the United States in 2009. During his time as ambassador, he played a major role in reaching the United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement. From 2012 to 2015, Han also served as chairman of the Korea International Trade Association.
Second premiership (2022–2025)
Han held teaching positions at Hongik University and Dankook University before President-elect Yoon Suk Yeol nominated him for prime minister between 2015 and 2022. During his confirmation hearings, Han claimed stabilizing the economy would be his top priority in office. The Democratic Party, who held a majority of the seats in the National Assembly, and the Justice Party both boycotted his confirmation. However, he was approved in May and became prime minister again at the age of 72 and 11 months, making him the oldest person ever to take the office.
Acting presidencies (2024, 2025)
First acting presidency (2024)
Han became the acting president of South Korea following the impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol on 14 December 2024. When Han was being asked by police for questioning in its investigation of martial law, Democratic Party leader Lee Jae-myung said that the party would not move to impeach Han for the time being to avoid "confusion in their state affairs".
Impeachment
On 24 December, the Democratic Party said that it would seek to impeach Han due to his failure to promulgate two special counsel bills that sought to investigate Yoon and his wife Kim over his martial law declaration and charges of corruption. The motion was filed on 26 December after Han asked the National Assembly to agree on three nominees to the Constitutional Court of Korea, with the plenary vote scheduled on 27 December. Prior to the vote, Speaker Woo Won-shik ruled that Han can be impeached by a simple majority due to his status as a cabinet minister, paving the way for him to be impeached by 192 MPs on 27 December. Han was succeeded as acting president and acting prime minister by Choi Sang-mok.
The Constitutional Court of Korea has 180 days from the passage of Han's impeachment motion to review it. Han's impeachment trial began on 19 February 2025, with Han in attendance. Han reiterated his denial of prior knowledge of Yoon's plans to declare martial law and insisted that he had tried to dissuade him from doing so. He also apologized to the public for the ongoing political crisis and asked the country to make a "wise judgment" to enable the nation to reach an "era of rationality". Han also said that the approval of special counsel bills to investigate Yoon and his wife would have "fundamentally violated the principles of constitutional governance".
Second acting presidency (2025)
On retaking office on 24 March, Han pledged to ensure stable governance and protect South Korean interests amid the trade war imposed by the United States, while appealing for national unity amid the impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol. Among his first acts upon resuming office was overseeing the response to the 2025 South Korea wildfires, which he described as the worst in the country's history.
Post-presidency and 2025 presidential campaign
After a month of teasing a presidential campaign himself, Han announced his resignation as both the acting president and the prime minister on 1 May, citing his desire to "unify the country and prevent extreme political confrontations". He declared his campaign for the presidency on 2 May, during which he pledged to serve for only three years as president to oversee amendments to the Constitution, address issues caused by US tariff policies and promote national unity.
Travel ban
On 27 May 2025, both Han and former Finance Minister Choi were barred from traveling abroad after being named as a suspect in the insurrection case against Yoon Suk Yeol over his martial law declaration, after CC-TV footage of Han conversing with former Defense Minister Kim the day of the martial law declaration was discovered.
Criticism and controversies
Nomination of Constitutional Court justices
On 8 April 2025, he appointed Ma Eun-hyuk, a Constitutional Court justice recommended by the National Assembly, and Ma Yong-joo, a Supreme Court justice recommended by the chief justice and approved by the National Assembly. In addition, as acting president, he nominated Lee Wan-kyu, Minister of Government Legislation, and Ham Sang-hoon, a presiding judge at the Seoul High Court, as replacements for Moon Hyung-bae and Lee Mi-seon, whose terms as Constitutional Court justices were to end on April 18.
'Gwangju Crisis' remarks
On several occasions in 2025, Han used the expression "Gwangju Crisis" () in reference to the 1980 Gwangju Uprising protests against South Korea's military dictatorship, which were brutally suppressed. This phrase was interpreted as insensitive, as it was how the then military dictator Chun Doo-hwan described the protests. By contrast, many prefer the term "May 18 Democratization Movement" (). A number of groups that commemorate the Gwangju Uprising issued statements condemning Han's use of the term.
Personal life
Han is married to Choi Ah-young and has no children.
Honours
National honors
Notes
External links
Categories: 1949 Births, Living People, People From Jeonju, Prime Ministers Of South Korea, Acting Presidents Of South Korea, Deputy Prime Ministers Of South Korea, Finance Ministers Of South Korea, Government Ministers Of South Korea, Ambassadors Of South Korea To The United States, Impeached Officials, Cheongju Han Clan, Harvard University Alumni, Kyunggi High School Alumni, Seoul National University Alumni, South Korean Diplomats, 20th-century South Korean Economists, 21st-century South Korean Economists, 20th-century South Korean Politicians, 21st-century South Korean Politicians
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